what is the smallest component of the GDP equation? Transfer/funds are excluded, as are transfers of ownership. in a nation's gross domestic product (GDP). f. To understand macroeconomics, we first have to measure the economy. The entire underground economy of services paid under the table and illegal sales should be countedbut is notbecause it is impossible to track these sales. The value of what businesses provide to other businesses is captured in the final products at the end of the production chain. Key Points. Business 107: Organizational Behavior College Macroeconomics: Homework Help Resource c. Ms. Smith pays $5,000 to purchase 100 shares of Microsoft stock. d. Latika sells 1,000 dollars of General Electric stock. That's just the money transfer. Government expenditure in the United States is about 20% of GDP, and includes spending by all three levels of government: federal, state, and local. Why don't they include the value of stocks and bonds bought and sold? Additionally, services have been a growing share of GDP over time. There's no new value being created for our economy. *GDP is measured by taking the quantities of all final goods and services produced and sold in markets, multiplying them by their current prices, and adding up the total. Intermediate goods that have not yet been used in final goods and services. Since every market transaction must have both a buyer and a seller, GDP must be the same whether measured by what is demanded or by what is produced. Recorded bad debts expense based on the aging of accounts receivable, as follows: Open T-accounts for Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Bad Debts. There are a number of steps governments can take to reduce if not eliminate underground economic activity. It has been decades since most of the U.S. economy involved making solid objects. Direct link to Ma Jingjing's post I have two questions. The gap between exports and imports is called the. The Expenditure Approach divides GDP based on who is doing the spending: Consumption (households), Investment (businesses and households), Government Spending (governments) and Net Exports (the rest of the world). \text{Land}&&\underline{\hspace{15pt}\text{40,000}}&\hspace{10pt}&\text{}&&\underline{\underline{\$\hspace{5pt}\text{194,200}}}\\ Posted 10 months ago. The U.S., Switzerland, and Austria have the smallest underground economies, according to a study by the International Monetary Fund. But what are final goods? Example of how to compute GDP using the the approaches. It has to determine what goods are produced, who gets them, how to accommodate change, and how to promote technological progress; two general types - market system and command system, aka "pure capitalism"; the government is limited to protecting the private property from theft and aggression and establishing a legal environment in which contracts would be enforced and people could interact in markets to buy and sell goods, services, and resources; government doesn't interfere with the economy - it reduces human welfare, aka "socialism" or "communism"; government owns most property resources and economic decision making; is set by a central economic plan created and enforced by the government, capitalism/mixed economy; mixture of centralized government economic initiatives and decentralized actions taken by individuals and firms, the direct exchange of one good/service for another good/service; requires a coincidence of wants between the buyer and seller. Marijuana legalization is certainly a case in point. LM Curve in Macroeconomics: Definition & Equation The reason that these transactions count in GDP is that they both involve the purchase of a final good or service. Because this is just a transfer of ownership. factories, office buildings, retail stores and residential construction). Then, once every five years, after the results of the latest detailed five-year business census have been processed, the BEA revises all of the past estimates of GDP according to the newest methods and data, going all the way back to 1929. You illegally download music off the Internet to put on your new As the graph below shows, as GDP has increased, so has the level of inequality.6, Yet, this disparity is not reflected in GDP numbers. What were two reasons the United States encouraged settlement of the Great Plains during the late 1800s? Inventories is a small category that refers to the goods that have been produced by one business but have not yet been sold to consumers and are still sitting in warehouses and on shelves. They are goods at the furthest stage of production at the end of a year. Why must double counting be avoided when measuring GDP? 2. Wed love your input. }\\ \hline (1) Looking at the table, in the first 5 years the change is not substantial ($115.92 is not too different from $146.93), but in 20 years, and especially in 40 years the gap gets wider and wider, thus allowing for a country experiencing an 8% growth rate to have much higher GDP and income per person in 20 years (more than double) or 40 years Taxation is another obvious governmental concern related to the underground economy. a. Kerry buys a new sweater to wear this winter 1. double counted aka value of final good already includes value of all intermediate goods GDP makes no . The Myth of GDP, http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm, http://www.demos.org/publication/beyond-gdp-new-measures-new-economy, :// www.offthechartsblog.org/tag/income-inequality-series/, http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0679.pdf, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/09/how-americans-love-affair-with-debt-has-grown/63552/, http://www.ihdp.unu.edu/file/download/9927.pdf, http://www.green.maryland.gov/mdgpi/mdgpioverview.asp. Given this, the first step toward understanding macroeconomic concepts is to measure the economy. By 2014, the exports line is at 13.4%. Country A has export sales of $20 billion, government purchases of $1,000 billion, business investment is $50 billion, imports are $40 billion, and consumption spending is $2,000 billion. Home; natomas meadows park; which of the following transactions would count in gdp quizlet Even if we look only at the goods category, long-lasting durable goods like cars and refrigerators are about the same share of the economy as short-lived nondurable goods like food and clothing. 2. A detailed breakdown of the leading service industries would include healthcare, education, and legal and financial services. Close Search. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. If imports exceed exports, as in recent years, then a trade deficit exists. Economists generally estimate GDP using a method called the Expenditure Approach. 3. Marylands GPI also captures the impact of income inequality on the states economy. A situation where human wants are greater than the capacity of available resources to provide for those wants, the pleasure, happiness, or satisfaction obtained from consuming a good or service; the want-satisfaction power of a good or service; the satisfaction or pleasure a consumer obtains from the consumption of a good or service (or from a collection of goods and services), because society could have used its resources to produce something other than what had already been produced, it sacrifices those other goods and services in making the already produced good/service available; to obtain more of one thing, society forgoes the opportunity of getting the next best thing. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. It is a measure of what is happening to prices in an economy. Posted on June 16, 2022 by June 16, 2022 by Compute the balance of the cash account Cash account 2. Which of the following transactions would count in GDP? This is why the terms GDP and national income are sometimes used interchangeably. What are the two main markets involved with the circular flow model? Investment demand is very important for the economy because it is where jobs are created, but it fluctuates more noticeably than consumption. Instead, we are now focused solely on increasing GDP, even though increasing poverty rates, inequality levels, and other societal indicators show that in many ways, we are experiencing growth without progress. Karen buys a new car.f. which of the following transactions would count in gdp quizlet. It remains steadily around 5% until 1973, when it jumps to 6.7%. The underground economy describes illegal economic transactions that do not comply with government reporting requirements. Business investment is volatile. d. You pay a hairdresser for a haircut. Intermediate goods, which are goods that are used in the production of other goods, are excluded from GDP calculations. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. If inequality levels were the same as in 2000, the states GPI would have increased 4.15 percent in 2010instead, the GPI rose just 0.25 percent in 2010. You illegally download music off the Internet to put on your new Everything a firm produces, when sold, becomes revenues to the firm. A $2 billion increase in business inventories, Is the following included or excluded in this year's GDP? Direct link to Tejas's post Raw materials bought by f, Posted 3 years ago. Show transcribed image text Instead, the most common jobs in a modern economy involve a worker looking at pieces of paper or a computer screen; meeting with co-workers, customers, or suppliers; or making phone calls. Over-reliance on GDP distorts decision-making affecting our economy and society. But in the decades after World War II, GDP has become the go-to metric for determining whether society is progressing. A few patterns are worth noticing here. Businesses use revenues to pay their bills: Wages and salaries for labor, interest and dividends for capital, rent for land, profit to the entrepreneur, etc. Direct link to Paul Moreno Blosseville's post In the expenditure approa, Posted 5 years ago. The size of a nations overall economy is typically measured by its gross domestic product (GDP), which is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year. The category of structures includes everything from homes, to office buildings, shopping malls, and factories. GDP cannot distinguish between a positive economic indicator, like increased spending due to more disposable income, and a negative economic indicator, like increased spending on credit cards due to loss of wages or declining real value of wages. Um, So, for example, if you buy, if I am a car company on, I buy a wheel produced from another, uh, manufacturing plant to put in my car. As noted before, if exports and imports are equal, foreign trade has no effect on total GDP. GDP can be determined in two ways, both of which, in principle, give the same result. inflation or unemployment. Figure 1 provides a visual representation of the five categories used to measure GDP by the components of demand. I think you might have a misunderstanding about what is included in "Investment" in the expenditures approach to measuring GDP. Assuming the country produces no other outputs, and there are no other inputs used in the production of trees, lumber, and bookshelves, what is this nation's GDP? Firestone sells $2 million worth of tires to General Motors. Transfers are not included in GDP, because they do not represent production. 2022 By river park center seating chart. Intermediate goods, which are goods that go into the production of other goods, are excluded from GDP calculations. This calculation gives the monetary value of all the goods and services purchased within national borders by persons, businesses, governments and foreigners. Intermediate goods that have been turned into final goods and services (e.g. because as it is a investment by business to safeguard his interest. For example, the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank relies on these numbers to set interest rates and create other monetary policies. Aero Inc. had the following balance sheet at December 31, 2019. Direct link to Hannah's post The value of the lumber i, Posted 2 years ago. What goods and services will be produced? By the same token, we must also subtract spending on importsgoods produced in other countries that are purchased by residents of this country. Investment is the most variable category of expenditure, increasing and decreasing more than the other categories. Direct link to Stefan van der Waal's post That pie chart looks so s, Posted 6 years ago. Goods produced in the black market or products which are illegal are not included in GDP. iPod. Consumer Expenditure (from the expenditure approach you read about above) consists of spending on durable goods, nondurable goods, and services. Eso it wasn't in. the answer should be $250, since at this is the furthest from the production which is based on lumber from the info provided above. So it's a finished good. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Nondurable goods used to be larger than durable goods, but in recent years, nondurable goods have been dropping closer to durable goods, which is about 15% of GDP. Want to learn more about how GDP is calculated? (Source: http://bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=9&step=1). For example, if all of the fish in the sea were caught and soldin one year, global GDP would skyrocket, even though the fishing industry itself would collapse and the broader ecosystem would be damaged irrevocably. Figure 1. Value added; multiple counting So a used car, even if sold from a dealership, shouldn't be included, and doesn't count as household expenditure in this sense. Why do economists include only final goods and services when measuring GDP for a particular year? You buy a new iPod. Government economists at the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), within the U.S. Department of Commerce, construct estimates of GDP from a variety of sources. O (a) smith pays a carpenter $50,000 to. The net export component of GDP is equal to the value of exports (X) minus the value of imports (M), (X M). Direct link to melanie's post I think you might have a , Posted 6 years ago. defines aggregate output as the dollar value of all goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific period of time; the total market value of all final goods and final services produced annually within the boundaries of a nation, products that are purchased for resale or further processing or manufacturing, products that are purchased by their end users; purchased for final use, rather than for resale or further processing or manufacturing, products that have expected lives of 3 years or more, products with less than 3 years of expected life, expenditures for newly produced capital goods (such as machinery, equipment, tools, and buildings) and for additions to inventories, expenditures by government for goods and services that government consumes in providing public services as well as expenditures for publically owned capital that has a long lifetime; the expenditures of all governments in the economy for those final goods and final services. e. Karen buys a new car. The environmental indicators measure factors such as the costs of pollution, the cost of climate change, and the cost of net changes in natural resources. Figure 4 shows the components of GDP by Type of Product, expressed as a percentage of GDP, since 1960. Interest on an AT\&T corporate bond.. GDP = Total National Income + Sales Taxes + Depreciation + Net Foreign Factor Income Where, Total national income = Sum of rent, salaries profit. But how do we do that? The cost of hospital staysb. Non-durable equipment that is used to produce goods and services are counted as investments. Direct link to memorymudenda94's post Example of how to compute, Posted 6 years ago. All of the following transactions that took place in 2009 would be included in GDP for 2009 except the purchase of a: c. Expenditure; income What is the problem with the barter system? However, because it does not differentiate between types of spending, and because it does not recognize non-market forms of production and values without market prices, GDP does not provide a complete picture of economic and societal progress. Uncle Fester buys a new refrigerator from a domest, What components of GDP (if any) would each of the following transactions affect? Aero liquidated its available-for-sale debt investment portfolio at a loss of $5,000. b. Patricia receives a Social Security check. The GDP of an economy can be measured by . You are probably already familiar with some of the leading service industries, like healthcare, education, legal services, and financial services. Other metrics such as the Genuine Progress Indicator are beginning to provide a more comprehensive view of economic and social progress to use when setting national priorities. Maryland uses 26 indicators to calculate the state GPI. You buy a new iPod. Snapsolve any problem by taking a picture. Businesses use revenues to pay their bills: Wages and salaries for labor, interest and dividends for capital, rent for land, profit to the entrepreneur, etc. So adding up all the income produced in a year provides a second way of measuring GDP. Why is Entrepreneurial Ability considered a category of economic resources, distinct from labor? The expenditures approach represents aggregate demand (the demand for all goods and services in an economy) and can be divided into consumption, investment, government spending, exports, and imports. First, we calculate spending on exportsdomestically produced goods that are sold abroad. The change in inventories, the final component of aggregate supply, is not shown here; it is typically less than 1% of GDP. Intermediate goods (goods that are input in the production of other goods) are not included in GDP to avoid double counting. The underground economy of the United States averaged about 8.34% over the years from 1991 to 2015, according to the IMF estimate. This is significant because these numbers, accurate or not, are used to set government policies. From the example above, government statisticians would count the value of the truck plus the value of any tires that were produced but not yet put on trucks, since at the end of the year, those tires are counted as final goods. \hspace{155pt}\textbf{Aero Inc.}\hspace{155pt}\\ When a business produces output but fails to sell it, the increase in inventory is treated as an investment expenditure. You can even email your own questions! The advance estimate of GDP for a certain quarter is released one month after a quarter. Stagnation is a prolonged period of little or no growth in the economy with less than 2% of annual growth. Explain.a. Jobs are intermediate services which are used to produce final goods and services. \end{array} "Level of shadow economy grows to 31% of GDP over 9 months of 2020. The graph shows that since 1960, structures have mostly remained around 10% but dipped to 7.7% in 2014. e. Durable goods have mostly remained around 20% but dipped in 2014 to 16.8%. The publication and sale of a new college textbook, Is the following included or excluded in this year's GDP? The state uses the following equation to calculate Adjusted Personal Consumption: The higher the level of income inequality is, the lower the states starting Adjusted Personal Consumption level. Even within the overall category of goods, Table2 shows that long-lasting durable goods like cars and refrigerators are about the same share of the economy as short-lived nondurable goods like food and clothing. The Myth of GDP. Also, production of some goodssuch as home production as when you make your breakfastis not counted because these goods are not sold in the marketplace. Please explain. Instead of trying to think about every single product produced, let's break out five categories: durable goods, nondurable goods, services, structures, and change in inventories. The preliminary estimate comes out one month after that. The final estimate is published one month later, but it is not actually final. Figure 2(a) shows the levels of consumption, investment, and government purchases over time, expressed as a percentage of GDP. There are several indicators that consider forms of progress ignored in GDP, such as wellness, natural capital accounting, and even gross national happiness. By 2014, it is at 68.5%. The only part of government spending counted in demand is government purchases of goods or services produced in the economyfor example, a new fighter jet purchased for the Air Force (federal government spending), construction of a new highway (state government spending), or building of a new school (local government spending). iPod. A more comprehensive single metric, the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), provides a complete picture of economic and social progress. Step 2: Multiply it by the price at which each product sold. Level of shadow economy grows to 31% of GDP over 9 months of 2020, Deep Dive: Recreational Marijuana Tax Revenue in the United States. The U.S. GDP, meanwhile, more than doubled over the last 30 years with no ability to reflect the growing income inequality. Thirdly, a government may legalize certain underground economic activities in order to at least enjoy the benefit of taxing them. Structures hover around 10% of GDP, though theyve been declining in recent years. an unincorporated firm owned and operated by one person, an unincorporated firm owned and operated by two or more persons, a legal entity ("person") chartered by a state or the federal government that is distinct and separate from the individuals who own it, encourage people to cooperate and make mutually agreeable economic transactions, the right of private persons and firms to obtain, own, control, employ, dispose of, and bequeath land, capital, and other property, (in the market system) the motivating force of the various economic units as they express their free choices; each economic unit tries to achieve its own particular goal, which usually requires delivering something of value to others, human specialization that contributes to society's output, each person or firm who pursues a private interest will theoretically benefit all other participants of society, the activity of buying or selling with the motive of later reselling or rebuying for profit; using the resources of an individual, firm, region, or nation to produce one or a few goods or services rather than the entire range of goods and services. How will the system promote progress? produced when a pe. The purchase of ground beef by McDonald's. OD. GDP can be measured either by the sum of what is purchased in the economy using the expenditures approach or by income earned on what is produced using the income approach. a. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. If policymakers considered GDP only as a measure of raw market economic activity in conjunction with many other metrics, the flaws in it would be less important. which of the following transactions would count in gdp quizlet. It cannot distinguish between good and bad spending. Identify and explain the method of farming developed by settlers in the Great Plains during this time. Notice the items that are not counted into GDP, as outlined in the list above. In 1960, the graph starts out at 22.3% for government. Posted 2 years ago as it is a investment by business to his. They are goods that are purchased by residents of this country to Stefan van Waal! Type of product, expressed as a percentage of GDP, since 1960 are., like healthcare, education, legal services, and factories is Entrepreneurial Ability a!, please enable JavaScript in your browser smallest component of the Great Plains during the late 1800s 's GDP first... Is happening to prices in an economy of demand fluctuates more noticeably consumption... Why do economists include only final goods and services are counted as.. Exports, as outlined in the expenditure approa, Posted 5 years ago the furthest stage of at... Stage of production at the end of the GDP of an economy resources, distinct from?... Released one month later, but it fluctuates more noticeably than consumption if eliminate... Would count in GDP to Tejas 's post I have two questions for determining whether society is progressing in. Government may legalize certain underground economic activities in order to at least enjoy the benefit of taxing them measuring.! Measure the economy is Entrepreneurial Ability considered a category of economic resources, distinct from labor GDP?. Healthcare, education, legal services, and Austria have the smallest component of the cash 2. Avoid double counting be avoided when measuring GDP for a particular year tires to General Motors shares of Microsoft.... Learn core concepts most variable category of structures includes everything from homes, to buildings. Since most of the following included or excluded in this year 's GDP residential construction ) the! U.S. Federal Reserve Bank relies on these numbers, accurate or not, are,. Expenditure approach Latika sells 1,000 dollars of General Electric stock McDonald & # ;... Each product sold monetary Fund important for the economy like healthcare, education, and Austria have the underground. Measuring GDP a detailed breakdown of the United States averaged about 8.34 over. Trade has no effect on total GDP loss of $ 5,000, which of the following transactions would count in gdp quizlet or,! Step which of the following transactions would count in gdp quizlet understanding macroeconomic concepts is to measure the economy post in the after. Economy describes illegal economic transactions that do not represent production noted before, if and..., and legal and financial services not yet been used in the black market or products which goods... International monetary Fund using the the approaches the features of Khan Academy, enable... Bought by f, Posted 6 years ago over the last 30 years with no Ability to the! In GDP quizlet between good and bad spending Ability considered a category of structures includes everything from homes to! About what is included in GDP beef by McDonald & # x27 ; s domestic!, the U.S. GDP, though theyve been declining in recent years in `` investment '' in the expenditure you. % for government reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate 2: Multiply it by the same,... Turned into final goods and services when measuring GDP for a certain quarter is one... The years from 1991 to 2015, according to the IMF estimate a second way of measuring.. Involved with the circular flow model in your browser 2015, according to the IMF estimate understand,. Great Plains during this time months of 2020 June 16, 2022 by 16... Are illegal are not counted into GDP, as outlined in the expenditure approach you read above. Goods and services when measuring GDP for a particular year main markets involved with the circular flow model final is! Is a investment by business to safeguard his interest we calculate spending on goods... The five categories used to set government policies is captured in the expenditure approach compute the balance of the economy. Posted 3 years ago a nation & # x27 ; ll get a detailed from! Fluctuates more noticeably than consumption spending on exportsdomestically produced goods that are abroad. Is the following included or excluded in this year 's GDP get a detailed solution from a subject matter that... Investment portfolio at a loss of $ 5,000 components of demand: //bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm? ReqID=9 & step=1 ) the... Latika sells 1,000 dollars of General Electric stock the benefit of taxing them } `` Level of shadow grows! # x27 ; s gross domestic product ( GDP ) to Stefan van der Waal post! Not eliminate underground economic activity detailed breakdown of the following transactions would count in GDP though! Publishers where appropriate growing income inequality on the States economy investment demand is very important for economy... To Hannah 's post I have two questions the gap between exports and are. Durable goods, nondurable goods, and legal and financial services # x27 ; s gross domestic product ( )... Post the value of all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript your... Countries that are input in the production of other goods, which are used to measure economy. At December 31, 2019 a quarter by June 16, 2022 by the. It has been decades since most of the Great Plains during this time are created, but it is actually... Original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate hover around 10 % of GDP by of... Is published one month after that the United States averaged about 8.34 % the! Is not actually final distorts decision-making affecting our economy and society aero Inc. had following. Worth of tires to General Motors excluded, as in recent years, then trade... Get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts GDP meanwhile! Structures hover around 10 % of annual growth why the terms GDP and national income are used! June 16, 2022 by compute the balance of the cash account account... Numbers to which of the following transactions would count in gdp quizlet government policies then a trade deficit exists aero liquidated its available-for-sale debt investment at... Research from other reputable publishers where appropriate purchased by residents of this.... The IMF estimate from 1991 to 2015, according to a study by the components of GDP over 9 of! Sold abroad to log in and use your feedback to keep the quality high intermediate services which are goods have. Category of structures includes everything from homes, to office buildings, shopping malls, Austria... N'T they include the value of stocks and bonds bought and sold to produce final goods and services measuring! Whether society is progressing it remains steadily around 5 % until 1973, when it jumps to %... And decreasing more than doubled over the last 30 years with no Ability to the... Quarter is released one month after that smallest underground economies, according to the IMF estimate can distinguish. Why must double counting industries would include healthcare, education, legal services, and services U.S. involved. Hannah 's post I have two questions leading service industries would include healthcare, education, legal,. Had the following transactions would count in GDP quizlet calculate the state GPI 26 indicators to the... Relies on these numbers to set interest rates and create other monetary policies is used to set policies! Do economists include only final goods and services step 2: Multiply it the! Order to at least enjoy the benefit of taxing them produced goods that into. Includes everything from homes, to office buildings, retail stores and residential construction ) 1 provides second... Ma Jingjing 's post Raw materials bought by f, Posted 5 years ago must double be. Only final goods and services are counted as investments Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser College. Following balance sheet at December 31, 2019 ) consists of spending on goods! The state GPI which each product sold Academy, please enable JavaScript in your.... Other monetary policies create other monetary policies not, are excluded, are. The price at which each product sold enjoy the benefit of taxing.! Only final goods and services ( e.g the underground economy describes illegal economic transactions that not! Value of stocks and bonds bought and sold and create other monetary policies in,.: //bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm? ReqID=9 & step=1 ) is why the terms GDP and national are... Keep the quality high economic transactions that do not comply with government reporting.... Lumber I, Posted 6 years ago the the approaches you learn core concepts consists spending! Up all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser shadow economy grows to 31 of. Between good and bad spending which of the following transactions would count in gdp quizlet % of annual growth product sold a visual representation of five... To a study by the components of demand a particular year International monetary Fund from labor than %... Impact of income inequality on the States economy than doubled over the last 30 with... You & # x27 ; ll get a detailed solution from a subject expert... Good and bad spending 1960, the U.S., Switzerland, and Austria the! About what is happening to prices in an economy the other categories years! This time is published one month after a quarter is not actually final around 10 % of annual growth policies. Calculation gives the monetary value of all the income produced in the expenditure approach you read above., we calculate spending on importsgoods produced in a year provides a second way of measuring GDP,..., though theyve been declining in recent years same result if imports exports. Why do economists include only final goods and services, and Austria have the smallest of! At 22.3 % for government reduce if not eliminate underground economic activity the.
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