1955. A blanket may also be worn around a mans head like a turban. An ethnographic exhibit, Bulwagang Fernando Amorsolo, Cultural Center of the Philippines, 4 February-4 March. In the story, the hero Aliguyon arrives at the bank of the Lobong ad Lagud (Lake of the Downstream Region) to which the water of all rivers flow. 2004. For two centuries even as the lowlanders were under Spanish domination, Ifugao life remained undisturbed. Maramba, Roberto. In late 1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo, called Miliyu by the Ifugao, penetrated the Cordilleras, with the Americans in pursuit. The province is known for its rice terraces that are found in nine upland municipalities. 2011. The Religion of the Ifugaos. Cordillera Anthropomorphic Carvings: Form and Function. The Journal of History 1 (January-December): 175-187. Daguio, Amador T. 1952. As soon as the pigs bile shows signs favorable to the couple being married, the native rice wine tapoy is passed around and the imbajah dance begins. Women wear tattoos, with designs similar to those of the men, on the whole length of their arms. The rice terraces have created a tourist industry that has resulted in improvements in the infrastructure such as roads, electric grids, and buildings. Trail building helped break down the isolation of communities created by years of tribal warfare. The film, which stars Nora Aunor and Christopher de Leon, competed in the 1975 Bacolod Film Festival and was the festivals top earner. 2001. Boys from the mombaki bloodline are trained to recite the baki (myths). 1929. Divorce ceremonies are performed by the mombaki with an animal offering in the couples house. Each family or relative may commit to donating the animals that are to be sacrificed at the death ritual. Some tattoo designs are the tinagu (man), drawn on the chest; kinahu (dog), on the chest and cheeks; ginawang (eagle), on the chest and shoulders; ginayaman (centipede), anywhere; kinilat (lightning), on the chest, shoulders, or lower chest; and pongo (bracelet). Ethnic Proverbs, Riddles, Legends, and Plays. Journal of Southern Luzon 8 (July-January): 39-93. Another percussion instrument is the bangibang or pattong. The dance dinuyya is performed by any number of men and women during major feasts in the municipality of Lagawe. Rice production systems in Ifugao terraces in Philippines are cultivated by indigenous Ifugao people in the country. The rich Ifugao usually command authority, although fair treatment is accorded to all. By tradition, children follow the choice of their parents. The most distinct change was the elimination of the centuries-old practice of headhunting. However, its roof is made of tightly fitted wooden planks to ensure that rats cannot get in. The halag (womens ritual) is performed when a child is sick or when a woman suffers from hysteria or insanity. The deity declares its habitat, expresses satisfaction in the feast and wine, and goes home. Incest is strictly forbidden in Ifugao law. Among the Tuwali Ifugao, the women sing the hudhud during the wake to keep the watchers awake. These figures are venerated and passed down for generations. Antalaw represents the father of Bugan and also the living father of either husband or wife for whom the rites are being held. Reasons for holding them are abundance in life; a miraculous increase in rice, pigs and chickens; and quick growth of children (Barton 1946, 126), all perceived as divine gifts. Certain rituals are performed to counter the causes of sickness. Lambrecht, Francis. Musicians march along with the warriors and lean in unison, first to the right and then to the left, striking one end of their instrument and then the other. Myths relate incidents that happened at a time when the world had not yet been created and man had not yet taken full control of its material possession, arts, and culture. Traditional weaves in Ifugao have cultural meanings, and certain textiles were traditionally reserved only for specific occasions or particular individuals. The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon. The initial work of preparing the paddies is strenuous. 1979. There are incantations, prayers, and animal sacrifices. Its highest elevation is at 2,523 meters, and its waters flow toward Magat River, a tributary of the Cagayan River. Government programs have had little impact on the economic conditions of the people. Additional Information? Accessed 5 November 2014. http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Cordillera%20Administrative%20Region.pdf. In these rituals, the bulol is the most common and traditional ritual sculpture. Among the Mayoyao Ifugao, the abuwab (magical tales) are believed to possess mystical powers similar to requests granted through prayers. The priest commands the deity to come, and through the priest, the deity makes his or her presence felt through the possession note tsay-ay-ay (Kiangan) or Ki-ye-e-e-eh (Central Ifugao). It has dark blue designs that represent linuhhong (mortars), tinatagu (men), inulog (snakes), bittuon (stars), bannia (iguanas), and hinolgat (spears). Owners of pigs surround their houses with fences called runo, which are made of plants, stones, or sticks planted on the ground. Title: Group 4 Author: Alan Last modified by: SSSK Created Date: 9/3/2009 10:39:09 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show Company: Hewlett-Packard Company - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 57ae7e-ZDZmN The Ifugao World. The gangsa is an ensemble of three or four flat gongs played in special rhythms, while the gangha is made of brass or bronze. The other gongs are played with sticks that strike the inner surface of the gong. Another type is the hibat, which is hit in its inner surface with a stick of softwood (Orosa-Goquingco 1980, 72). Kansas City: Franklin Hudson Publishing Co. Worcester, Dean. The more striking necklace worn by women is the pangapalang made of six to eight trapezoidal pieces of mother-of-pearl and connected by finely braided rattan. The giniling is a bracelet made of heavy copper wire coiled like a spring 20 to 40 times, gradually increasing in width. Manila: One-Man Show Studio. This is followed by the possession of the priest by the ancestors. Food and ceremonial offerings to the gods are placed inside and the animals blood poured over these boxes. Justice may be considered by the victims relative. For their fllors, they flattered bamboo slices. Chanting or singing can be done either by one individual, such as when putting a child to sleep, or, more often, by a group, which may have a lead chanter or singer. Weaving is the exclusive task of Ifugao women. The mombaki was the head of the Ifugao village. The kintog, formerly used to exchange for pigs but is now known as oban, is used for carrying babies. To this group also belong the field workers who do not own land but serve the kadangyan either as servants or tenants. There are trained chanters for rituals and other social gatherings, and the people feel free to critique the chanting. Folk Architecture. Simple abong huts are also used as shelter in the rice fields. The White Apos: American Governors in the Cordillera Central. The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon. Philippine Journal of Science 1 (October): 791-875. It consists of 11 municipalitiesBanaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lagawe, Lamut, Mayoyao (Mayaoyao), Alfonso Lista (Potia), Aguinaldo, Hingyon, Tinoc, and Asipulowith Lagawe as the provincial capital. The system ensures conservation of the forest for fuel, housing, and irrigation for the terraces. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. 2001. Rattan is the material used for household baskets. The death and burial rituals involve several steps: the vigil over the corpse, which is tied to a chair; the cutting of the string tied to the finger of the widow and the finger of the corpse; the procession to the place of burial; the walling up of the corpse in the burial place; and the ceremonies to send off the dead persons soul. In recent times, the more durable galvanized sheets have replaced thatch, which rots and is highly flammable. (1938) 1963. Batok is the male practice of tattooing, commonly done on the chest, shoulders, and arms. Examples are the poho-phod and chiloh tales usually recited in death and sickness rituals among the Mayoyao Ifugao. The abong are temporary dwellings with pyramidal roofs. Watters, Jim. Many Ifugao, however, either refused to submit themselves or continued to attack Christian towns. Feasts are a measure of an Ifugaos prestige or rank. Culture of the Ifugao people values kinship, family ties, religious and cultural beliefs. Baradas, David, curator. The women gather all sorts of weeds, roots, and decaying matter in piles on the paddies and plant legumes on them. Cimatu, Frank. The Mayoyao regions version of the lubu (great flood) explains that Wigan of the skyworld caused the lubu so that it would erode and flatten the surface of the earth, hence enabling him to hunt more successfully for stag with his dogs. The bulol are still being carved for commercial purposes, such as those being sold to tourists. Agricultureboth wet and dryis the main source of livelihood among the Ifugao. Lorica, Loreto Q. A binuhlan G-string has a large red stripe called habak in its middle and literally means the be-enemy-ed. The use of the color red, the color of blood, refers to the sun deity, who is the god of war. They may also wear the hingat (earring), of which there are seven kinds: first, a large copper ring; second, a string of small beads; third, the same kind of copper ring from which dangles a ring; fourth, a piece of copper wire, which is rolled up so as to form a small disk; fifth, a heavy piece of gold, silver (from a 50-centavo coin) or copper, in the shape of a C with much enlarged points that almost meet, sometimes flanked on both sides (top and bottom of C) with a variously shaped, comparatively large projection; sixth, one or two long and narrow, more or less spatulate pieces of white or brownish shell, dangling from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire; seventh, a piece of white shell in the shape of a topped clover leaf with two leaflets, which dangles from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire (Vanoverbergh 1929, 206-207). Manila: Editorial Associates Ltd. Goda, Toh. Quezon City: GCF Books. The rite against sickness is called agba, which determines which deity is causing a persons sickness. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok. 1989. 1958. Ifugao headhunting continued, however, this time with American soldiers as target. Songs about World War II are easily recognized because of their themes and characters. Dances of the Emerald Isles. In 1832, Colonel Guillermo Galvey pillaged Kiangan, using Ilocano and Pangasinan troops to retaliate against Ifugao attacks on Nueva Vizcaya and Cagayan towns. Later, it is placed next to the first bundles of rice harvest. Ifugao songs can be classified into ritual songs and non-ritual songs. A traditional engagement requires the boy to serve at the girls home by performing domestic tasks. The neighbors of the Ifugao to the north are the Bontok; to the west, the Kankanaey and Ibaloy; to the east, the Gaddang; and to the south, the Ikalahan and Iwak. Weavers from Kiangan classify their works into textiles either with or without dyed designs. The conversion of recent generations of Ifugao to institutional religions, such as the Pentecostal movement and Iglesia ni Cristo, has diminished the importance of these indigenous beliefs and the practice of their rituals. Newly married couples live separately from their parents to ensure mutual respect and cooperation. The bulol is bathed in pigs blood before it is placed at the house or granary. Lorrin, Rosario. This radio station based in Lagawe is part of the NCCs program to provide long-term and cost-efficient ways to address the problem of hunger and malnutrition (NNC 2014). Sons are encouraged to marry young so that their parents may see their grandchildren before they die. Employment opportunities were created. Ifugao is also the name of a province, one among six of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). The interior of an Ifugao house is more round than cube-shaped and is windowless. Although there are basic movement patterns to follow, they are free to move as they please, forming a line, for instance, or dance individually. They replaced lowland troops. A woman may wind a string of beads several times around her hair bun or around her neck. The kadangyan were the elite land owners of rice fields, the tagu were kadangyan relatives who did not hold elite status, and the nawotwot who were considered poor worked for the kadangyan. The illegitimate children born out of wedlock are taken care of by their fathers but lack the right to receive inheritance. This long bench made of hardwood is constructed with ritualized feasting called hagabi performed during the tialgo or the lean period of the year, April and May, that is, when rice is scarce. The paypayto is an imitation of the high-flying birds who are disturbed by the hunters and fly away to safer places. Accessed 6 November. Gatbonton, Esperanza Bunag. The liwliwa, used to express love, protest, and other personal emotions, is sung in debate form by groups of men and women and their leaders. ), Mga Lumang Kasuotan at Pananamit ng mga Pilipino sa Maynila Noong Unang Panahon (sa mga Nagdaang Siglo), Tiboli (Tboli) Tribe of Mindanao: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Indigenous People | Philippines Ethnic Group], The Kankanaey People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], The Kalinga Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], The Aeta People of the Philippines: Culture, Customs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], The Ilocano People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Ilocos Region], The Blaan People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs, Beliefs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | B'laan Tribe Ethnic Group], The Most Interesting Heritage Sites Around Taft Avenue in Manila: Historical Places + Nostalgic Hidden Gems, All Rights Reserved | Read:Disclaimer, Ifugao Indigenous Attire (Jme Foronda: Pananamit: An Illustrated Guide), Ifugao ceremonial container (CCP Collections). The hagabi is a huge, long sloping bench carved out of a single piece of wood. It is played by men and women during courtship sessions or at night. Thin projections of brass or horn also extend from the sides, resembling the horns of a water buffalo. The paddies nourish snails and fish that complement the Ifugaos diet. They represent the warriors or sometimes Wigans offsprings or descendants. Girls learn to weave by helping their mother or elder sister, and by actual practice under elder women. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Anthropological Conference. Wisconsin: American Anthropological Association. Sometimes these magical tales begin in Chuligan, the legendary house of Bugan and Wigan, and end at the house of the husband and wife for whom the rites are being performed. The corpse is placed on a hangdel (chair) while a munwahiwa (caretaker for the dead) guards the corpse against flies and dirt. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. Asian Awards for Ifugao. Philstar.net. While this goes on, the priest mentions the names of the deities to whom the offerings are made. The second Organic Act enacted by Congress was also rejected in the March 1998 plebiscite. All the regions of the universe are inhabited by thousands of deities and spirits; yet, there is no supreme deity. Kinship is of primary importance in traditional Ifugao life. The Spanish never were able to take control of the Ifugao territory. A quenching rite, performed by throwing boiling water from the cauldron into the coals, is done and an invocation is again performed. In minor rites, the dried skin and inner layer of the pigs jowls are offered. Dulawan, Lourdes S. 1967. The larger bag is the pinuhha, which is made of white thread; the smaller bag is the ambayong of double block thread. Sound is produced by striking or banging the instrument. Pongo (armlets) are also made of copper, with the coils decreasing in width to follow the contour of the arm. Ifugao myths tell of hero-ancestors or gods who managed to solve problems similar to those faced by the modern Ifugao. Hunting plays a major part in the peoples subsistence; thus, there are many ritual myths about hunting. Weaving is traced to a certain deity called Punholdayan. New York: The MacMillan Co. Zabilka, Gladys. The Great Flood is the story of Kabigat and Bugan, as told by the Kiangan Ifugao. Scott, William Henry. The tadcheng is a similar instrument with four strings strummed with the fingers. Quezon City: The Council for Living Traditions. Any woven band may be used as a balko as long as it is wide and long enough to be wound twice around the waist, with the two ends being knotted at the back. Baguio City: Baguio Printing and Publishing Co. . While the carving of the ritual bulol has stopped, the Ifugao continue to use these few remaining images in their rice rituals and in guarding their rice granaries. Revenge is a firm Ifugao tradition. 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